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Early English Language Cataloguing Codes
영국박물관목록규칙(British Museum Rules)
파니치(Anthony Panizzi)가 영국박물관 목록작성을 위해 개발한 첫번째 영미권 목록규칙.
영국박물관은 1839년에 파니치의 91개 법칙을 승인했다. [1]
이 목록규칙은 1936년까지 개정되었으며, 이 영국박물관의 도서관부는 1973년에 영국국가도서관 산하로 편입되었다.
커터의 사전체 목록규칙(Cutter’s Rules for a Dictionary Catalog)
커터(Charles Ammi Cutter)의 사전체 목록규칙 초판은 1876년에 발간되었다. [2]
커터는 이 규칙에서 최초로 목록의 기능(objectives)를 포함한 목록 원칙을 정립했다.
이 규칙은 표목부(저자, 표제, 주제, 형식표목)와 기술부 모두를 포함한다.
Anglo-American Code
미국(Developments in the United States)
미국도서관협회(ALA)의 목록규칙인“Condensed Rules for an Author & Title Catalog”가 1883년에 Library Journal에 처음으로 게재되었다. [3]
1900년에 ALA는 이 규칙을 개정하기 위해 미국국회도서관의 J.C.M. Hanson가 담당하는 위원회를 결성했다. 미국국회도서관에서 카드목록을 소개할 예정이었으므로 ALA의 목록규칙과 미국국회도서관의 목록규칙을 통합하는 것이 핵심사안이었다.
1902년에는 미국국회도서관이 ALA 목록규칙의 개정판(advance edition of the revised ALA rules)을 발간했다. 이 때에는 ALA 목록규칙과 Cutter의 목록규칙(1904년 발표)을 통일된 형식으로 표현하는 것에 중점을 두었다..
영국(Developments in the United Kingdom)
1893년에 영국도서관협회(LA)에서는“Cataloguing Rules”를 발행했다.[4]
1902년에는 이 규칙의 개정위원회가 결성되었고, 영국박물관 목록규칙(British Museum rules)과 ALA 목록규칙의 개정판을 주로 참고하였다.
영국목록규칙(LA rules)의 개정 초안이 1904년 영국도서관협회 회의에서 논의되었다.
협력(Co-operation)
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In light of the similar work being done on both sides of the Atlantic, Melvil Dewey suggested that there should be co-operation to produce an Anglo-American code. The American Library Association and the Library Association formally agreed to co-operate in 1904. Consultation between the two bodies occurred by correspondence.
The first international cataloguing code was published in 1908 in an American edition (Catalog Rules, Author and Title Entries [5]) and a British edition (Cataloguing Rules, Author and Title Entries [6])
Both editions contained 174 rules covering both entry and heading for authors and titles, and description.
Areas of disagreement between the two editions centred on authors and publications that changed names or titles.
In both editions disagreements were explained either in a note or by printing two versions of the rule. Library of Congress supplementary rules were also included where necessary.
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A.L.A. Cataloging Rules
1941 edition
In the 1930s committees of American Library Association and the Library Association discussed revision of the 1908 rules. The two bodies co-operated until 1939 when the Second World War ended British involvement.
A preliminary second edition of the American edition of the 1908 rules was published by the American Library Association in 1941, and contained 324 rules in two parts: Part I, Entry and Heading; Part II, Description of book; as well as various appendices, including one on “authority cards.” [7].
1949 edition
The 1941 edition was criticised for being too detailed and complex, and in 1949 A.L.A. Cataloging Rules for Author and Title Entries was published [8]. This edition contained only rules for entry and heading.
American alternative rules in the 1908 code were reflected in the 1949 code.
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Rules for Descriptive Cataloging in the Library of Congress
As the 1949 ALA code did not contain rules for descriptive cataloguing, the Library of Congress took responsibility for documenting rules of this nature. As Library of Congress catalogue cards were widely used by American libraries, there was interest in the rules used by the Library of Congress.
Rules for Descriptive Cataloging in the Library of Congress was published in 1949, and the rules were adopted by the American Library Association [9]. Included were rules for separately published monographs, serials, and some non-book materials.
Supplementary rules were subsequently issued for additional non-book formats.
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Anglo-American Cataloguing Rules
AACR 1967
In 1951 the American Library Association asked Seymour Lubetzky, of the Library of Congress, to analyse the 1949 ALA code. An approach was also made to the Library Association regarding co-ordination of revision of the 1949 code.
In 1953 Lubetzky’s report (Cataloging Rules and Principles [10]) was published. This work advocated a move towards a principle-based rather than case-based code.
In 1956 Lubetzky was appointed editor of the revised code, and in 1960 he produced the draft Code of Cataloging Rules; Author and Title Entry [11].
The International Conference on Cataloguing Principles was held in Paris in 1961 to examine the choice and form of headings in author/title catalogues. The outcome was a statement of 12 principles known as the Paris Principles [12].
In 1962 C. Sumner Spalding, of the Library of Congress, became the new editor of the code.
The American Library Association and Library Association co-operated by exchanging minutes and working papers, and attending each other’s meetings. In addition, the Library of Congress assisted with revision of the descriptive cataloguing rules, and the Canadian Library Association was involved in reviewing drafts of the rules.
In 1967 two versions of the Anglo-American Cataloguing Rules (AACR) were published, a North American text [13] and a British text [14].
Both texts of AACR contained three parts:
Part I, Entry and Heading
– Based on the Paris Principles, the 1949 ALA rules, and Lubetzky’s 1960 draft.
Part II, Description
– Consisted of revised rules from the 1949 Library of Congress rules.
Part III, Non-book materials
– Contained rules for both entry and description of non-book materials.
– Consisted of revised rules from the 1949 Library of Congress rules, and supplementary Library of Congress rules.
Each text contained an appendix listing rules for entry and heading that differed in the other version.
In 1966 there was a “memorandum of agreement” for continued revision of AACR between ALA and LA. In light of their earlier involvement, the Library of Congress and the Canadian Library Association were also formally represented in the revision process.
Amendments and changes from 1969-1975 were published for the North American text in the Library of Congress Cataloging Service and for the British text in the Library Association Anglo-American Cataloguing Rules Amendment Bulletin.
ISBD and AACR Revisions
At the International Meeting of Cataloguing Experts in Copenhagen in 1969, a program of International Standard Bibliographic Description (ISBD) was developed. The objective was to identify components in a bibliographic description, their preferred order, and the necessary punctuation.
The first ISBD standard to be produced was that for Monographs (ISBD(M)) in 1971 [15].
AACR chapter 6 was revised in line with ISBD(M), and published in two versions in 1974 [16, 17]. The revised chapter contained rules for printed monographs and reproductions of printed monographs (including microform reproductions).
Other ISBDs were developed, leading to the publication by the American Library Association of revisions to AACR chapter 12 (AV and Special Instructional Materials) [18], and AACR chapter 14 (Sound Recordings) [19].
In 1975 work began on developing a general framework, known as ISBD(G) [20].
AACR2 1978
In 1974 the Joint Steering Committee for the Revision of AACR (JSC) was established, with membership from the American Library Association, the British Library, the Canadian Library Association (represented by the Canadian Committee on Cataloguing), the Library Association, and the Library of Congress.
The JSC was charged with incorporating the North American and British texts into a single version. The JSC appointed two editors for the revised code, Michael Gorman of the British Library, and Paul W. Winkler of the Library of Congress.
The Anglo-American Cataloguing Rules, Second edition (AACR2) was published in one version in 1978 [21].
AACR2 was divided into two parts:
Part I, Description
– Based on the ISBD(G) framework.
– Included a general chapter (chapter 1), and chapters for individual formats, including new chapters for machine-readable data files (chapter 9) and three-dimensional artefacts and realia (chapter 10).
– The rules for non-book materials were based on alternative codes that were published in the 1970s.
Part II, Entry and Heading
– Rules were brought more closely into line with the Paris Principles.
AACR2 was adopted by the Library of Congress, the National Library of Canada, the British Library, and the Australian National Library in January 1981.
In 1981 an abridged version, the Concise AACR2 was published [22].
Revisions to AACR2 were adopted in 1982, 1983 (published 1984), and 1985 (published 1986).
A draft revision of AACR2 chapter 9 (renamed: Computer Files) was published in 1987 [23].
From 1981 an Australian Committee on Cataloguing (ACOC) representative was sent to JSC meetings, and from 1986 ACOC became a full JSC member.
1988 Revision
The 1988 Revision of AACR2 incorporated the 1982, 1983, and 1985 revisions plus subsequent unpublished revisions [24].
The 1988 Revision was published in both book and loose-leaf format.
One set of amendments was published in 1993.
1998 Revision
The 1998 Revision of AACR2 incorporated the 1993 amendments, and revisions approved between 1992 and 1996 [25].
The 1998 Revision was published in book and CDROM format.
Amendments packages were published in 1999 and 2001. The 2001 amendments included a complete revision of chapter 9 (renamed: Electronic Resources).
2002 Revision
The 2002 Revision of AACR2 incorporated the 1999 and 2001 amendments, and changes approved in 2001, including complete revisions of chapter 3 (Cartographic Materials) and chapter 12 (renamed: Continuing Resources) [26].
The revision of chapter 12 arose from a recommendation of the International Conference on the Principles and Future Development of AACR, and IFLA-led efforts to harmonize ISBD(CR), ISSN practice, and AACR2.
In 2002 AACR was published only in loose-leaf format.
For more information of the history of AACR, see also the 1978, 1988 and 1998 AACR2 prefaces.
참고문헌
[1] Panizzi, Anthony. “Rules for the Compilation of the Catalogue,” Catalogue of Printed Books in the British Museum, (1841), v. 1, p. [v]-ix.
[2] Cutter, Charles Ammi. Rules for a Printed Dictionary Catalogue. – Washington, D.C. : Government Printing Office, 1876.
[3] “Condensed Rules for an Author & Title Catalog,” Library Journal 8 (1883), 251-254.
[4] Cataloguing Rules 1. of the British Museum 2. of the Bodleian Library 3. of the Library Association. – London : Library Association, 1893. (Library Association series ; no. 5)
[5] Catalog Rules, Author and Title Entries / compiled by committees of the American Library Association and the (British) Library Association. – American ed. – Chicago : American Library Association, 1908.
[6] Cataloguing Rules : Author and Title Entries / compiled by committees of the Library Association and of the American Library Association. – English ed. – London : Library Association, 1908.
[7] A.L.A. Catalog Rules, Author and Title Entries / prepared by the Catalog Code Revision Committee of the American Library Association, with the collaboration of a Committee of the (British) Library Association. – Preliminary American 2nd ed. – Chicago : American Library Association, 1941.
[8] A.L.A. Cataloging Rules for Author and Title Entries / prepared by the Division of Cataloging and Classification of the American Library Association. – 2nd ed. / edited by Clara Beetle. – Chicago : American Library Association, 1949.
[9] Rules for Descriptive Cataloging in the Library of Congress / adopted by the American Library Association. – Washington, D.C. : Library of Congress, Descriptive Cataloging Division, 1949.
[10] Lubetzky, Seymour. Cataloging Rules and Principles; a Critique of the A.L.A. Rules for Entry and a Proposed Design for their Revision. – Washington : Processing Dept., Library of Congress, 1953.
[11] Lubetzky, Seymour. Code of Cataloging Rules; Author and Title Entry. – Chicago : American Library Association, 1960.
[12] Statement of Principles Adopted at the International Conference on Cataloguing Principles, Paris, October 1961. – Annotated ed. with commentary and examples / by Eva Verona, assisted by ? [others]. – London : IFLA Committee on Cataloguing, 1971.
[13] Anglo-American Cataloging Rules / prepared by the American Library Association, the Library of Congress, the Library Association, and the Canadian Library Association. – North American text. – Chicago : American Library Association, 1967.
[14] Anglo-American Cataloguing Rules / prepared by the American Library Association, the Library of Congress, the Library Association and the Canadian Library Association. – British text. – London : Library Association, 1967.
[15] ISBD(M) : International Standard Bibliographic Description for Monographic Publications. – 1st standard ed. – London : IFLA Committee on Cataloguing, 1974.
[16] Anglo-American Cataloging Rules : North American Text : Chapter 6: Separately Published Monographs, Incorporating Chapter 9, "Photographic and Other Reproductions," and Revised to Accord with the International Standard Bibliographic Description (Monographs) – Chicago, American Library Association, 1974.
[17] Anglo-American Cataloguing Rules : British Text : Chapter 6 Revised (Including a Revision of Appendix V). – London : Library Association, 1974.
[18] Anglo-American Cataloging Rules : North American Text : Chapter 12 Revised : Audiovisual Media and Special Instructional Materials. – Chicago : American Library Association, 1975.
[19] Anglo-American Cataloging Rules : North American Text : Chapter 14 Revised : Sound Recordings. – Chicago : American Library Association, 1976.
[20] ISBD(G) : General International Standard Bibliographic Description : Annotated Text / prepared by the Working Group on the General International Standard Bibliographic Description set up by the IFLA Committee on Cataloguing. – London : IFLA International Office for UBC, 1977.
[21] Anglo-American Cataloguing Rules / prepared by the American Library Association, the British Library, the Canadian Committee on Cataloguing, the Library Association, the Library of Congress. – 2nd ed. / edited by Michael Gorman and Paul W. Winkler. – Chicago : American Library Association ; Ottawa : Canadian Library Association, 1978. [Note: Also published: London : Library Association, 1978]
[22] Gorman, Michael. The Concise AACR 2 : Being a Rewritten and Simplified Version of Anglo-American Cataloguing Rules, Second Edition. – Chicago : American Library Association ; Ottawa : Canadian Library Association ; London : Library Association, 1981. [Note: Later revised in line with the 1988 and 1998 revisions of AACR2.]
[23] Anglo-American Cataloguing Rules Second Edition : Chapter 9 : Computer Files : Draft Revision / edited for the Joint Steering Committee for the Revision of AACR by Michael Gorman. – Chicago : American Library Association ; Ottawa : Canadian Library Association ; London : Library Association, 1987.
[24] Anglo-American Cataloguing Rules / prepared under the direction of the Joint Steering Committee for Revision of AACR, a committee of the American Library Association, the Australian Committee on Cataloguing, the British Library, the Canadian Committee on Cataloguing, the Library Association, the Library of Congress ; edited by Michael Gorman and Paul W. Winkler. – 2nd ed., 1988 revision. – Ottawa : Canadian Library Association ; London : Library Association Publishing ; Chicago : American Library Association, 1988.
[25] Anglo-American Cataloguing Rules / prepared under the direction of the Joint Steering Committee for Revision of AACR, a committee of the American Library Association, the Australian Committee on Cataloguing, the British Library, the Canadian Committee on Cataloguing, the Library Association, the Library of Congress – 2nd ed., 1998 revision. – Ottawa : Canadian Library Association ; London : Library Association Publishing ; Chicago : American Library Association, 1998.
[26] Anglo-American Cataloguing Rules / prepared under the direction of the Joint Steering Committee for Revision of AACR, a committee of the American Library Association, the Australian Committee on Cataloguing, the British Library, the Canadian Committee on Cataloguing, Chartered Institute of Library and Information Professionals, the Library of Congress. – 2nd ed., 2002 revision. – Ottawa : Canadian Library Association ; London : Chartered Institute of Library and Information Professionals ; Chicago : American Library Association, 2002-2005.
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